![]() Human observers showed species- and experience-dependent expression categorization accuracy. In this eye-tracking study, we examined face-viewing gaze allocation of human (including dog owners and non-dog owners) and monkey observers while exploring expressive human, chimpanzee, monkey and dog faces (positive, neutral and negative expressions in human and dog faces neutral and negative expressions in chimpanzee and monkey faces). It is, however, unclear to what extent this ‘universality’ view can be extended to process heterospecific facial expressions, and how ‘social learning’ process contributes to heterospecific expression perception. So, when AIs do start to have feelings, it's probably in our own best interests that we let them learn to swear.Common facial expressions of emotion have distinctive patterns of facial muscle movements that are culturally similar among humans, and perceiving these expressions is associated with stereotypical gaze allocation at local facial regions that are characteristic for each expression, such as eyes in angry faces. Machine intelligence needs emotion to guide cognition. And they experience strong emotions, which drive them to swear.įor years, in my discipline of artificial intelligence, we’ve been debating the ethics of how we should treat non-human intelligence if we ever manage to create it, but the way that chimpanzees swear is enough to convince me that non-human intelligence already exists.Īnd, if we ever create artificial intelligence, it won't function in an unbounded domain until it is able to experience something like our emotions emotions are the fast filter on the swirling sea of stimuli that surrounds us. We can deduce from this that chimpanzees have a working theory of mind that allows them to know that swearing will have an impact on the person on the receiving end. I never knew that chimpanzees are self-aware enough to communicate, and have a complex enough internal life to recognise taboos, which they then use to swear. ![]() Until I started writing Swearing is Good for You, I didn't realise how much research has been done with chimpanzees. That passion and fury reminds me of the way that the middle digit can be brandished or the fist pounded into the crook of the elbow. When the chimpanzees were extremely angry they would make the sign so forcefully that the clacking noise of their teeth could be heard all through the lab. ![]() The sign is made by bringing the back of the wrist up underneath the chin. In the same way that the f-word can be hissed, shouted or spat, DIRTY was be signed with differing emphasis by the chimpanzees depending on the intensity of their feelings. However, DIRTY was deployed with impressive flexibility. When Washoe hit adolescence she began masturbating, but the research team decided that discretion was the better part of valour and didn’t intervene, so there was no equivalent of the copulatory taboo that accounts for so much human swearing. The chimpanzees only seem to have had the one sign that they used as swearing - probably because it was their only taboo. ![]() Swearing replaces biting, hitting, screaming and breath-holding as ways of externalising strong feelings in human children, and in chimpanzees too. I can’t wait for my daughter to reach that stage: research from the 1930s shows that among toddlers, the development of a pottymouth comes with at least one fringe benefit. English speaking toddlers tend to show a similar pattern, however, commonly using “poo face” or “doodoo head” as soon as they’re potty trained - again, not something they’re likely to have heard from parents. ![]()
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